Programma Supermag Obuchenie Onlajn

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[1] We use magnetometer chains collaborating with SuperMAG to derive SME, a generalization of the auroral electrojet indices calculated from 100 or more sites instead of the 12 used in the official auroral electrojet indices, AE(12) = AU(12) − AL(12). We investigate how these various indices relate to nightside auroral power by using both particle (DMSP) and image (Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI)) data. The best correlation is between SME and total nightside auroral power, namely, r = 0.86. Hence, nearly 3/4 of the minute‐by‐minute variance in nightside power can be determined by SME alone. Interestingly, although the geophysical meaning of AE(12) has sometimes been challenged, we show that even that index correlates at the r = 0.81 level, or 2/3 of the variance, in nightside power.

Torrent football manager 2008 indir. Most auroral power stems from the diffuse aurora, with a linear relationship between the auroral electrojet indices and nightside diffuse power. Thus, SME has a clear geophysical meaning: It samples the thermal portion of the magnetotail plasma sheet. We study how well SML (the generalization of AL) identifies substorms in two types of tests. The first is a comparison with a set of 1081 substorms determined from Polar UVI in 1997–1998, and the second is the use of DMSP particle precipitation data for superposed epoch analysis. The same algorithm applied to SML is much more likely (about 50% more likely) to identify an onset seen by UVI than is AL(12).

Even when both indices can be used to identify onsets, the median delay after imaging onset until the AL indicator is less than half using SML (about 4 min versus 8 min). There are 10,719 onsets in the SML data between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2002, of which 5084 are isolated. Isolated SML onsets behave almost identically to the onsets determined by global imagers. Specifically, they represent the same sharp spike in auroral power, which is most pronounced in broadband (wave) precipitation, with the same duration and subsequent recovery. However, recurrent substorms (those following less than 2 h after a previous onset) rise from a higher baseline by a smaller percentage but with the same absolute change in auroral power, thus reaching a higher peak power. Introduction [2] No alternative characterizes magnetospheric activity on a global scale with the same continuity and high time resolution as an appropriately selected magnetic index. Substorms are a perennially favorite topic for magnetospheric researchers, and AL appears to be the index which best corresponds to substorm activity.

Prior to onset, AL is typically small in magnitude, with the contributing station near dawn, whereas after onset the contributing station lies under the auroral onset bulge [ ]. The magnitude of AL is a good indicator of the strength of a substorm. And yet its usage has been severely constrained. Partly this is because of the slowness of distribution of high time resolution AL data (or even, at times, limited distribution). But it is widely suspected that there may be uncertainties which arise from the limited number of geomagnetic stations (12) involved in creating the traditional indices [e.g.,;; ]. We will here call the traditionally derived index Auroral Electrojet indices AE(12) = AU(12) − AL(12), where AU and AL are the upper and lower components of AE (the largest and smallest values of the H component among the magnetic stations used).

[3] Here we investigate whether the SuperMAG collaboration [ ] involving a large number of chains around the world can enhance the value of AE and AL. More generally, we wish to quantify the performance of AL as a substorm indicator, and of AE as a predictor of gross nightside auroral activity. The number of stations contributing to this enhanced variant of AE varies between 83 and 120, but is typically more than 100.

Conceptually, the new index is simply AE(100), that is, AE evaluated using a large number of stations. However, since AE is an official and well established index with endorsement from IAGA, we avoid confusion by terming the new index SME (SuperMAG electrojet index). The questions posed above have clear answers. First, SME proves to be intimately related to precipitating auroral power on the nightside. In fact, it is possible to predict nearly 3/4 of the variance in nightside power at a 1 min cadence using SME. Similarly, it is possible to identify far more substorms, and to time them better with SML than with AL(12).